#Saho_East-Horn_African_Cushitic _people

#SAHO( SOHO) ሳሆ (እንዲያውም ሶሆ) በአፍሪካ ቀንድ የሚኖር የኩሽ አንዱ ሕዝብ ነው፣ በዋነኛነት በኤርትራ ውስጥ የሚኖረው፣ ምንም እንኳን ጥቂት አባላት በኢትዮጵያ አጎራባች አካባቢዎች የሚኖሩ ቢሆንም፣ በብዛት ሙስሊም የሆነ ጎሳ ነው። አንዳንድ የታሪክ ማስረጃዎች እንደሚያሳዩት ሳሆ እነዚያን ግዛቶች በ2000 BC. አካባቢ እንደያዙ፣ ሳሆ ከአፋርኛ እና ከኢሮብ ቀበሌኛ ጋር ቅርበት ያለው የአፍ መፍቻ ቋንቋ ይናገራሉ። ልማዳዊ ሕጋቸውን በተመለከተ፣ ሳሆዎች ከውሃ፣ ከግጦሽ ወይም ከመሬትና ከዘር ጋር የተያያዙ ችግሮችን እንዴት መፍታት እንደሚቻል የሚነጋገሩበት “ራህቤ” የሚባል ስብሰባ የመጥራት አዝማሚያ ሲኖር ነው። ልክ እንደ ገዳ ስርዓት የምያምር የዳኝነት ሕግ ያለው ሕዝብ ነው። #facebook/ miky sultan~ https://mikysultan.blogspot.com

#BILEN_EAST-HORN _AFRICAN _CUSHITIC _PEOPLE

#ብሌን(ከረን) ብሌን (ብሌን ወይም ቢሊን) በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ላይ ያሉ ታታሪ የኩሽቲክ ጎሣዎች ናቸው። በዋነኛነት የተከማቹት በማዕከላዊ ኤርትራ፣ በከሬን ከተማ እና በአካባቢው እንዲሁም በደቡብ በኩል ወደ አስመራ፣ የሀገሪቱ ዋና ከተማ ነው። ቆንጆ የቢለን ልጅ ከኤርትራ ቀደም ሲል ቦጎ ወይም ሰሜን አገው ይባላሉ። 'ቢሊን' የሚለው ቃልም ትርጉም ቃሉ የጥንት ኩሽ ቋንቋ ። አንዳንድ የባህሉ ቅጂዎች ለክርስቲያን ሳሆ ቃል (ቤለን) እንደሆነ ይናገራሉ። እንደውም በሳሆ ‘ብሌን’ ማለት ክርስቲያን ማለት ነው። ( ክፍሌማርያም ሃምዴ፣ 'አብስማራ ዩኒቫርሲቲ፣ ገጽ 3) ብሊን ከኢትዮጵያ ወደ ኤርትራ የገባው በአስራ ስድስተኛው ክፍለ ዘመን በዋነኛነት የግብርና ባለሙያዎች ናቸው ይባላል። ቁጥራቸው 96,000 ሲሆን ከኤርትራ ህዝብ 2.1% አካባቢ ይወክላል። ኣርባ በመቶ ያህሉ የሕዝብ ግሚሱ ክርስቲያን ነው፣ በዋነኛነት ካቶሊክ፣ የተቀረው ሃምሳ በመቶው ደግሞ የሱኒ እስልምና ሐይማኖት ተከታይ ናቸው። #facebook/#miky sultan~ https://mikysultan.blogspot.com

#Agew/ #አገው_#Zaguwe_ Cushtic_Ethnic_group

የ#ጥንት#ኩሽ _ዛጉዌ ኩሽ ታሪክ ? #ላሊበለ/ #Lallibala "አንድ ብሄር( አገው ያልሆነው) ከኩሽ ግዛት እና ከኩሽ ስልጣኔ ሳይሆኑ የ3000 አመት ታሪክ አለኝ ብሎ እንዴት ሊናገር ይችላል? በኢትዮጵያ በሰሜኑ ከአገው(ኩሽ) በፊት አንድም ብሔር እንደሌለ፣ አገዎች ግን ከ6000 ዓመታት በላይ እንደሚኖሩ ይታመናል፣ እናም ከክርስቶስ ልደት በፊትም በ(በፈጣሪ አንድነት)እግዚአብሔር ያምኑ ነበር፣ የኖሩባቸው ቦታዎችም ሁሉም የኢትዮጵያ ሰሜናዊ እና ሰሜን ምዕራብ አካባቢዎች ናቸው። አብዛኛው የኢትዮጵያ ክፍል ሱማሌ እና ጅቡቲ ይገዙ ነበር።የኩሺቲክ መንግሥት( አገው)፣ አክሱማዊ መንግሥት - በአገው ሕዝብ የተሰየመ ማለት የአንድ ብሔር መሪ ማለት ነው፣ ጎንደር ቋራ በቅማንት አገው ስም የተሰየመ የእግዚአብሔር ቦታ ማለት ነው፣ አገው ጎጃም፣ ሰቆጣ አገው ሚደር የት ቅዱስ ላሌበላ ተወልዶ ብሌን አገውስ በ 🇪🇷 ከረን እና ሌሎችም የጥንት የኢትዮጵያ ህዝቦች የሰለጠነ ህዝቦች ናቸው እውነተኛ ታሪካቸው ቢሰረቅም እንደምንም ተርፈዋል።እኛ እውነተኛ ታሪካችንን እንቀጥል ይሆን?ይህ እውነተኛው የኢትዮጵያውያን (ክርስቲያኖችን) ታሪክ ለማግኘት ለሚደነቅ ሰው ነው። https://mikysultan.blogspot.com/?m=1

#Wolanei/ወለኔ_ are _cushtic_ ethnic group

#Wolanei _are_African _cushitic _ethnic group/#ወለኔ _የ ምስራቅ_ አፍሪካ _ከ ኩሽ ሕዝብ አንዱ ነው። የወለኔ ቀደምት ታሪክ, ከኩሽቲክ ህዝቦች ጋር በቅርበት የተሳሰረ ነው፣ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የእስልምና እምነት ተከታዮች ናቸው። እንደ ወለኔ ሽማግሌዎች ቅድመ አያቶቻቸው 99 በቁጥር ከመካ የመጡ ናቸው ይባላል ግን ሴማዊ አይደሉም። በመጀመሪያ መካን ለቀው ወደ ኢራቅ ሄዱ እና ለሰባት አመታት ቆዩ። ከዚያም ምናልባት በየመን በኩል ወደ ኢትዮጵያ ገቡ። የመን ሲወጡ ቁጥራቸው 44 ሲሆን መሪያቸው ጋዞ ነበር። በሽርክ ገዳብ መንገድ ወደ ሀረር ሄዱ። ******* 44ቱ ሰዎች "ሀዲያ" ይባላሉ ይህም ማለት እንደ "ለአላህ ብለው የመጡ ሰዎች" ማለት ነው። ይህ የሐረር እንቅስቃሴ ከሂጅራ 408 ዓመታት በኋላ እንደወሰደ ይታሰባል። ከዚያም ከሀረርም ተነስተው በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ውስጥ ብዙ ክልሎች ገቡ። ከዚያም የሐረር ከተማ ለሰይድ አባድር ተሰጠ። ሀረር ከገቡት 44 ሰዎች 12ቱ ወላኔዎች ወደሚኖሩበት ቦታ ሄደዋል። ከነዚህም መካከል ሰኢድ ከቢር ሀሚድ፣ ሀጂ ጃፋር እና ሰይድ ነስራላ ይገኙበታል። ሰይድ ነስረላ 'ቢናራ' በሚባል ቦታ ሲቀመጥ የቀረው ወደ ፊት ቀጠለ። ከእነሱ ጋር ሌላ አቤኮ (ወይ ይማር አበኮ) የሚባል ሰው መጣ። ሰይድ ከቢር ሀሚድ እና ሀጂ ጃፋር የሀጂ ሀዳን ዘመዶች ናቸው። ******* የስልጤው መሀዲን ካሌ እንዳሉት አዳሬ እና ወለኔ ሁለቱ ከተማዋን ለቀው ሲወጡ አዳሬ በቀረባት ሀረር ውስጥ አብረው ይኖሩ ነበር። አደሬ ሴም ሳይሆኑ ኩሾች ናቸው፣እነሱም ከ ቱርክ ጎሳዎች ናቸው ተብሎ ይገመታል፣ከዛ ስልጤ እና ወለኔ አብረው ወደ አላባ-ቁሊቶ ተለያዩ ። የስልጤ ወለኔ መሪ እና በኋላም የስልጤዎቹ መሪ ሀጂ አሊ ነበሩ። ሰኢድ ከቢር ሀሚድ የወለኔ መሪ ሆኖ አሁን ወደሚኖሩበት ቦታ መርቷቸው ነበር። (ከTriminghan፣ Braukamper እና Gutt የተሰበሰቡ እና የተደራጁ እውነታዎች) √መጨረሻ~ ወለኔዎች በእርግጠኝነት በቋንቋም ሆነ በታሪካዊ ምክንያቶች የሰባት ቤት ጉራጌ አካል አይደሉም። ወለኔ ከሰባት ቤት ጉራጌ ጋር ምንም አይነት ባህላዊ አሰራር አይጋራም። #ከጭቆና ነፃ መሆን አለበት። የኢትዮጵያ የፌዴሬሽን ምክር ቤት ለማንነት ጥያቄያቸው ተገቢውን ትኩረትና መልስ ሊሰጥ ይገባል። ከሁሉም በላይ በወለኔ ውስጥ ከንዑስ ቡድኖች በስተቀር የተለየ ብሔር የለም። በታሪክ፣ WELENIE አንድ ብቻ ነው። https://mikysultan.blogspot.com

#አፋር _ሕዝብ

#የአፋር ህዝብ የአፍሪካ ኩሺቲክ ቡድን ነው፣ የአፋር ወጣት ከወሎ ኦሮሞ ቆንጆ ሴት ጋር። ደናኪል፣አዳሊ እና ኦዳሊ በመባል የሚታወቁት የአፋር ተወላጆች በአፍሪካ ቀንድ የሚኖሩ የኩሽቲክ ህዝቦች ናቸው። ወሎ በሰሜን ምስራቅ ኢትዮጵያ የምስራቅ ኦሮሞ ቡድን ዋና ከተማዋ ደሴ ያለው ታሪካዊ ክልል እና አውራጃ ነው።

#who is oromo people/የኦሮሞ ሕዝብ ማነው?

የኦሮሞ ህዝብ ማን ነው? የኦሮሞ ህዝብ የምስራቅ አፍሪካ የኩሽቲክ ህዝቦች ነው። ህዝባቸው ወደ 60ሚሊዮን በላይ በ ኢትዬጵያ ብቻ መኖሩ ይገመታል, የኦሮሞ ህዝብ በ ምስራቅ አፍሪካ ነ ኬኒያ በ ታንዛኒያ በ ሶማሊያ እስከ ጂቡቲ የምኖሩ በምስራቅ አፍሪካ ውስጥ ትልቁን ብቸኛ ጎሳ ያቀፈሕዝብ ነው. በዲያስፖራ የሚኖሩ በሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ የኦሮሞ ተወላጆች በብዛት የሚኖሩት በአሜሪካ፣ በአውስትራሊያ፣ በካናዳ፣ በኖርዌይ፣ በእንግሊዝ እና በስዊድን በሌሎችም ባሉ ሀገራት ነው። የኦሮሞ መሬት የት ነው? የኦሮሞ ህዝብ መሬት ኦሮሚያ ይባላል። ኦሮሚያ በምስራቅ ኦጋዴንያ እና ሶማሊያ፣ በደቡብ ኬንያ፣ በምዕራብ በጋምቤላ እና በሱዳን እና በሰሜን አቢሲኒያ ይዋሰናል። የኦሮሚያ ዋና ከተማ ፊንፊኔ ትባላለች (ፊንፊን-ነህ) በሌላ መልኩ “አዲስ አበባ” ትባላለች። ቋንቋ፡ የኦሮሞ ህዝብ አፋን ኦሮሞ ይናገራል። የምስራቅ አፍሪካ ኩሺቲክ ተናጋሪ ቡድን አባል ናቸው። ኦሮምኛ በአፍሪካ አህጉር 4ኛ በብዛት የሚነገር ቋንቋ ነው። ሃይማኖት፡- የኦሮሞ ህዝብ ሶስት ዋና ዋና ሃይማኖቶች ዋቄፋና (የኦሮሞ ባህላዊ እምነቶች)፣ እስልምና እና ክርስትና ይከተላሉ። ታሪክ፡- ከ19ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን መገባደጃ ጀምሮ ኦሮሞ በተከታታይ የኢትዮጵያ መንግስታት በቅኝ ግዛት ስር ነበር። በአውሮፓ ቅኝ ገዢዎች በዘመናዊ መሳሪያ በመታገዝ ብዙ የኦሮሞ ተወላጆች ተገድለዋል በ1870 እስከ 1900ዎቹ ድረስ። የኦሮሞ ህዝብ ከ10 ሚሊዮን ወደ 5 ሚሊዮን ህዝብ በመቀነሱ ደም መፋሰስ ከፍተኛ ነበር። የዛሬው የኢትዮጵያ ግዛት አካል ሆኖ ኦሮሚያን በግዳጅ መቀላቀል ከጀመረበት ጊዜ አንስቶ እስከ 1991 ድረስ የኦሮሞ ህዝብ ቋንቋ እና ባህል በኢትዮጵያ መንግስት ታግዶ እንደ ወንጀል ተቀጥቶ ነበር:: በኦሮሞ ብሄርተኝነት ላይ ግልፅ ሙከራዎች በ1991 ዓ.ም በቋንቋው የመናገር ቅጣቱ ከተነሳ ጀምሮ እስካሁን ድረስ ብዙ የኦሮሞ ተወላጆች “ኢትዮጵያዊ” በመባል ይታወቃሉ። የማዕረግ ስም በአብዛኛው የተናደደው በኦሮሞ ህዝብ ላይ ባለው ታሪካዊ አሰቃቂ ትርጉሞች ምክንያት ነው። በተለይ በ1960ዎቹ ውስጥ የኦሮሞ ራያ አመጽ፣ የካልአንቆ እና የአኖኦሌ ጦርነቶች እና የአፍራን ቃሎ እንቅስቃሴዎች ዋና ዋናዎቹ የኦሮሞ እንቅስቃሴዎች ይገኙበታል። ሌሎች የኦሮሞ ቡድኖች እና እንቅስቃሴዎች መጫና ቱላማ ማህበር፣ የኦሮሞ ነፃነት ግንባር መወለድ፣ በ2005 የኦሮሞ ተማሪዎች ንቅናቄ ይገኙበታል። የኦሮሞ ህዝብ እራሱን ኦሮሞ እያለ መሬቱን ኦሮሚያ ብሎ ይጠራዋል። ስለ ኦሮሞ ህዝብ ታሪካዊ እና ባህላዊ መረጃ፡- የገዳ ስርዓት፡ የኦሮሞ ህዝብ የሚኖረው የገዳ ስርዓት ተብሎ በሚጠራው ዴሞክራሲያዊ እና እኩልነት ባለው የፖለቲካ ስርዓት ነው። የጋዳአ ስርዓት የጋዳ ደረጃዎችን ያቀፈ ነው፣ እነዚህ ክፍሎች የግለሰብ ማዕረጎች እና ኃላፊነቶች አሏቸው እና እንዲሁም በ 8 ዓመታት ውስጥ ይመደባሉ ። እያንዳንዱ የጋዳአ ርዕስ ወጣቱን ከተወለዱ ጀምሮ ስለ ባህል፣ አስተዳደር፣ የቤተሰብ እሴቶች እና የአመራር ባህሪያት ክህሎት እና እውቀት እንዲያዳብር ያስተምራል። በ40 ዓመታቸው የኦሮሞ ወንዶች የጋዳእ ባለስልጣን ሆነው ሊመረጡ ይችላሉ። የሲንቄ ተቋም፡ እንደ ኦሮሞ ወንዶች ሁሉ የኦሮሞ ሴቶችም የተዋሃደ ተቋም አላቸው። ሲንቄ የጋዳ ዋልታ ምሰሶዎች አንዱ ነው፣ ሀገር በቀል የአስተሳሰብና የአሰራር ስርዓት የኦሮሞ ማህበረሰብ መሰረት ነው። ሙሽራዋ ከእናቷ ቤት ደጃፍ ስትወጣ የሲንቄ (የባህላዊ እና የተቀደሰ የኦሮሞ ዱላ) በእናቷ ይሰጣታል። ጦር ከተሸከመው ሙሽራዋ ጋር ትከሻ ለትከሻ በሲንቄ ግርማ ተሞልታ ትጓዛለች። በኦሮሞ ማህበረሰብ ውስጥ የሲንቄ ሚና የህብረተሰቡን ሰላም እና የሞራል ቅድስና መጠበቅ ነው። ሲንቄን የሚመሩ ሴቶች በጦርነቱ ቦታ ከታዩ በኋላ ተዋጊ ቡድኖች ጦርነታቸውን ወዲያውኑ ማቆም አለባቸው። ከሁሉም በላይ ደግሞ ፍትህ ሲከበር በአካባቢው ያሉ ሴቶች በጠዋቱ ሰአታት ሲንቄን ተሸክመው ፀጉራቸውን ገርፈው ይወጣሉ። በኦሮሞ ባህል መሰረት የሴት ምስክርነት የሚጠራጠር አይደለም። ወንድን ለመፍረድ የሴት ምስክርነት ብቻ ነው የሚያስፈልገው። ሆኖም፣ አንድን ሰው ጥፋተኛ ብሎ ለመወንጀል የሶስት ሰዎች ቃለ መሃላ ምስክርነት ይወስዳል። ቡና፡ ቡና ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ የተገኘው በኦሮሚያ ፣ ከፋ ከተማ ፣ ደቡብ ምዕራብ ኦሮሚያ ውስጥ ነው። የኦሮሞ ህዝብ ቡናን ለምግብነት መጠቀም የጀመረው በ5ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን መጀመሪያ ላይ ነው። አትሌቲክስ፡ የኦሮሞ ህዝብ በአለም ላይ ፈጣን ስፖርተኞች አሉት። እነዚህ አትሌቶች በ1960 የበጋ ኦሊምፒክ በባዶ እግሩ የሮጡት አባ ቢቂላ ይገኙበታል። ሌሎች ታዋቂ የኦሮሞ አትሌቶች ደራርቱ ቱሉ፣ ፋጡማ ሮባ፣ ቀነኒሳ በቀለ፣ ጥሩነሽ ዲባባ እና ሌሎችም ይገኙበታል። #https://mikysultan.blogspot.com/2021/04/sanyii-oromoota-walloo.html?m=1

#Cushitic oromo ethnic group/Karayu

Reposted :The Karrayyu are ancient pastoralist Cushitic speaking Oromo ethnic group residing in the Awash Valley, around the volcano of Mount Fentale and the Metehara Plain (Great East African Rift Valley) in the Fantalle District in Oromia As one of the few Oromo groups to have preserved their indigenous tradition and pastoralist way of life, the Karrayyu are seen as the guardians of Oromo cultural heritage of the Horn of Africa. The Karrayyu are facing extinction as their number keep dwindling as they remain as one of the last remaining Oromo groups to maintain the pastoralist way of life as well as the traditional Oromo culture, along with the Borana, Guji and Kamise Oromo. The Karrayyu, apart from being considered by many Oromo as guardians of their ancient culture can be differentiated from other Oromo ethnic groups by the two horizontal tribal marks on the cheeks of their women and the Gunfura traditional hairstyle of their men. Karrayyu are known to the world for their famous Gada ceremony. There are only 10 000 to 55 000 Karrayyus (because of their nomadic lifestyle it is difficult to have precise figures) whereas they used to be 200 000 at the beginning of the 20th century. Karrayyu are on the verge of instinction. Such a drop was due to the persecutions the Oromos, including the Karrayyu people had to face during Menelik’s II reign (1889-1913). This emperor, from the Amhara ethnic group led the unification of Ethiopia, and imposed the Amhara rule to the Oromos. Later, during the 20th century, the Karrayyu were deprived of most of their lands because of the establishment of national parks and modern farms. In the last four decades, Karrayyu’s were dispossed from 70 per cent of their land, including their shrines, by the government to make sugar and cotton plantations. The Karrayyu also practice the Gadaa system, an ancient and complex form of African democracy which is traditionally based on generation sets which alternate power every eight years. One full Gada cycle lasts 40 years. Gada is a uniquely democratic political as well as social institution which governs the life of individuals in Oromo society from birth to death. One highly developed self-sufficient system which has influenced every aspect of Oromo life is the Gadaa system. It is a system that organizes the Oromo society into groups or sets (about 7-11) that assume different responsibilities in the society every eight years. It has guided the religious, social, political and economic life of Oromo for many years, and also their philosophy, art, history and method of time-keeping. The activities and life of each and every member of the society are guided by Gadaa. It is the law of the society, a system by which Oromo administer, defend their territory and rights, maintain and guard their economy and through which all their aspirations are fulfilled. The Gadaa system has served as the basis of democratic and egalitarian political system. Under it the power to administer the affairs of the nation and the power to make laws belong to the people. Every male member of the society who is of age and of Gadaa grade has full rights to elect and to be elected. All the people have the right to air their views in any public gathering without fear. There follows a brief description of how the Gadaa system works: there are two well-defined ways of classifying male members of the society, that is the hiriyya (members of an age-set all born within the period of one Gadaa rule of eight years ) and Gadaa grade. The Gadaa grades (stages of development through which a Gadaa class passes) differ in number (7-11) and name in different parts of Oromia although the functions are the same. The following are the Gadaa grades:- 1. Dabballee (0-8 years of age) 2. Folle or Gamme Titiqaa (8-16 years of age) 3. Qondaala or Gamme Gurgudaa (16-24 years of age) 4. Kuusa (24-32 years of age) 5. Raaba Doorii (32-40 years of age) 6. Gadaa (40-48 years of age) 7. Yuba I (48-56 years of age) 8. Yuba II (56-64 years of age) 9. Yuba III (64-72 years of age) 10. Gadamojjii (72-80 years of age) We will briefly describe the duties of a Gadaa class as it passes through the above grades. The Dabballee are sons of the Gadaa class who are in power, the Luba. They are boys up to 8 years of age. Thus this is a stage of childhood. Upon reaching their eighth year, they enter the Folle grade. At this age they are allowed to go further away from their villages and to perform light work. 11. Jaarsa (80 and above years of age) Horsemen in TouramentAt 16 years old, they enter the Qondaala. They may now go long distances to hunt and perform heavy work. Three years before the Qondaala ends, those of the Gadaa class come together and nominate the future group leaders (hayyu council) who eventually will constitute its presidium and thereby the executive, judicial and ritual authorities. The final election is preceded by an often lengthy campaign of negotiations. After nomination, the candidates tour the region accompanied by their supporters to win the backing of the people before election, The individuals will be elected on the basis of wisdom, bravery, health and physical fitness. In the Kuusa grade, the previously elected leaders are formally installed in office, although they do not yet assume full authority except in their own group. This is one of the most important events in the life of the individual and the Gadaa system over all. In the next grade, Raaba Doorii, members are allowed to marry. This and the Kuusa grade constitute a period of preparation for the assumption of full authority. At the end of this period the class members enter Luba or Gadaa, the most important class of the whole system, attain full status, and take up their position as the ruling Gadaa class. At this stage the system comes to a stop momentarily and all men move to the proceeding class vacating the last class which is the immediately occupied by a new class of youth who thus begin their ascent of the system's ladder. The former ruling class, the Luba, now becomes Yuba. The Yubas, after passing through three separate eight-year periods, are transferred to the Gadamojjii class. Then they enter the final grade called Jaarsa and retire completely. As described briefly above, when the Oromo man passes from one stage to the next, his duties and way of life in society change. For instance, during the grades of Qondaala, Kuusa and Raaba Doorii, the individuals learn war tactics , Oromo history, politics, ritual, law and administration over a period of 24 years. When they enter the Gadaa class or Luba at the age of about 40 years, they have already acquired all the necessary knowledge to handle the responsibility of administering the country and the celebration of rituals. It ends with partial retirement of the whole, group of elders to an advisory and judiciary capacity. The following are the Gadaa officials and their duties according to the Tuullama Gadaa practice: 1. Abbaa Bokku - President 2. Abbaa Bokku - First Vice-President 3. Abbaa Bokku - Second Vice-President 4. Abbaa Chaffe - Chairman of the Assembly (Chaffe) 5. Abbaa Dubbi - Speaker who presents the decision of the presidium to the Assembly 6. Abbaa Seera - Memoriser of the laws and the results of the Assembly's deliberations. 7. Abbaa Alanga - Judge who executes the decision 8. Abbaa Duula - In charge of the army 9. Abbaa Sa'a - In charge of the economy Thus, the entire presidium consists of nine members, called "Salgan Yaa'ii Borana" (nine of the Borana assembly). The Abbaa Bokkus are the chief officials. (Bokku is a wooden or metal scepter, a sign of authority kept by the Abbaa Bokku, the president). The Abbaa Bokkus have counselors and assistants called Hayyus who are delegated from the lower assemblies. OdaaThere are three level of assembly - inter-clan, clan and local chaffes, chaffe being the Oromo version of parliament. The chaffe assembly was held in the open air in a meadow under the odaa (sycamore) tree. The chaffe made and declared common laws and was source of the accumulated legal knowledge and customs. In the hierarchy of Gadaa chaffes, the assembly of the entire presidium of the ruling - Gadaa Class - is the highest body whose decision is final. It is the assembly at which representatives of the entire population come together, at predetermined times, to evaluate among other things, the work of those in power. If those in power have failed to accomplish what is expected of them, the assembly has the power to replace them by another group elected from among the same Gadaa class or Luba. And this was one of the methods of checking and balancing political power in the Oromo society. The second highest Gadaa assembly is the clan chaffe. It is from these assemblies that special delegates to the higher assembly are elected. The lowest Gadaa chaffe is the local chaffe. This is made up of local members of the Luba from among whom representatives to clan chaffes are elected. The holders of these responsible posts can remain in office for eight years only, in normal times, and are then replaced by a new group of officers. The power is handed over at a special ceremony at a special place and time. The office-holders conduct government - political, economic, social, ritual and military - affairs of the entire nation for this period. During war time all capable men fight under the leadership of the group in office. During the eight year period the officials live together in a village (yaa'aa village) and when necessary travel together. There are five Gadaas in a cycle of 40 years. If a man enters office (becomes Luba) now, his sons will become Luba 40 years from now. The five Gadaa (sometimes called Buttaa) in the cycle have names, which vary slightly from region to region. Among some Oromo communities, the sets of five Gadaa names used by the sons are different from those of the fathers. Whereas among other communities, the same set of Gadaa names are used for both fathers and sons. Religious Belief The traditional Karrayyu religion is Waaqeffata, which is a monotheistic religion based on belief in a supreme being called ‘Waaqa’. This religion is closely related to the natural world as the Oromo pray to Waaqa at sites believed to be particularly blessed, these sites include certain tree species such as Odaa, at specific lakes and water points and on the top of certain hills and mountains. This does not however make them animists, contrary to some explanations. The Karrayyu have already lost a substantial portion of their land to state-led commercial enterprises. The Awash National Park has taken over 60 percent of what used to be Karrayyu land. In the 1950s, the Dutch established the Matahara Sugar factories and its vast sugar estate, displacing the local people and taking their land without any compensation. According to the World Bank, dikes built to protect the sugar plantations restrict the water flow raising tensions over water governance among different ethnic groups in the area. Government-run agribusiness schemes continue to chip at their grazing lands, water points, and religious sites. Despite corporate expansions into the area, the Fantalle district is one of the least underdeveloped in Ethiopia with a very poor road and telecommunication infrastructure. The Karrayyu are highly dependent on Awash river as a source of water for drinking, their livestock, and small scale communal farming. However, in addition to the dikes which limit the water flow, the pollution of Awash river by state-run factories pose a serious health hazard to the Karrayyu and their livestock. Periodic drought due to delayed rainfall, livestock disease, and conflicts with neighboring communities, primarily the Afar and Argobba, perpetuates the worsening livelihood of Karrayyu Oromos. However, the recurrent ethnic conflicts are usually over access to resources (grazing land and water) and land rights. Land is communally owned among the Karrayyu. Text(modified) :Online Picture :Social media / Artist Addisu Karaayuu in Karaayuu Oromo cultural dressing